专注过程，而不是结果
http://www.ted.com/talks/carol_dweck_the_power_of_believing_that_you_can_improve/transcript?language=en
失败的思维方式：failed， 作弊，找不如自己的自我安慰， 逃避， 面对一次困难，觉得自己不够聪明，面对灾难， 没有享受学习的过程，而只是眼前的成与败，这次是不是A，下次考试成绩是多少。
面对困难，应该是成长型思维方式，应当相信能力会通过锻炼得以提升。
他们积极地应对错误。 他们的大脑在高速运转， 他们更加努力，积极地投入， 他们剖析错误， 从中学习，最终订正。
如何让孩子注重过程而不是结果呢？
首先，我们可以有技巧地去表扬： 不去表扬天分或才智， 这行不通。 不要再这样做了。 而是要对孩子积极投入的过程进行表扬： 他们的努力与策略， 他们的专注、坚持与进步。 对过程的表扬 会塑造孩子的韧性。我们发现，注重过程的思维模式， 会赋予孩子们更多自信， 指引他们不断向前，越发坚持不懈。在一项研究中，我们告诉学生们， 每当他们迫使自己走出舒适区， 学习新知识，迎接新挑战， 大脑中的神经元会形成新的 更强的连接，他们会逐渐变得越来越聪明。
0:12The power of yet.
0:14I heard about a high school in Chicago where students had to pass a certain number of courses to graduate, and if they didn't pass a course, they got the grade "Not Yet." And I thought that was fantastic, because if you get a failing grade, you think, I'm nothing, I'm nowhere. But if you get the grade "Not Yet" you understand that you're on a learning curve. It gives you a path into the future.
0:43"Not Yet" also gave me insight into a critical event early in my career让我联想起一件尤为重要的, a real turning point. I wanted to see how children coped with challenge and difficulty, so I gave 10-year-olds problems that were slightly too hard for them. Some of them reacted in a shockingly positive way. They said things like, "I love a challenge," or, "You know, I was hoping this would be informative 有所收获." They understood that their abilities could be developed. They had what I call a growth mindset. But other students felt it was tragic, catastrophic. From their more fixed mindset perspective观点, their intelligence had been up for judgment and they failed. Instead of luxuriating in 沉溺于 the power of yet, they were gripped in the tyranny of 专制，暴政，笼罩 now. 他们不懂得享受学习的过程， 而只盯住眼前的成与败
1:58So what do they do next? I'll tell you what they do next. In one study, they told us they would probably cheat the next time instead of studying more if they failed a test. In another study, after a failure, they looked for someone who did worse than they did so they could feel really good about themselves. And in study after study, they have run from difficulty. Scientists measured the electrical activity from the brain as students confronted an error. On the left, you see the fixed mindset students. There's hardly any activity. They run from the error. They don't engage with it 投入. But on the right, you have the students with the growth mindset, the idea that abilities can be developed. They engage deeply. Their brain is on fire with yet. They engage deeply. They process the error. They learn from it and they correct it.
3:12How are we raising our children? Are we raising them for now instead of yet? Are we raising kids who are obsessed with getting A's? Are we raising kids who don't know how to dream big dreams? Their biggest goal is getting the next A or the next test score? And are they carrying this need for constant validation with them into their future lives? Maybe, because employers are coming to me and saying,we have already raised a generation of young workers who can't get through the day without an award.
4:01So what can we do? How can we build that bridge to yet?
4:08Here are some things we can do. First of all, we can praise wisely, not praising intelligence or talent.That has failed. Don't do that anymore. But praising the process that kids engage in: their effort, their strategies, their focus, their perseverance 坚持, their improvement. This process praise creates kids who are hardy and resilient 韧性.
4:38There are other ways to reward yet. We recently teamed up with game scientists from the University of Washington to create a new online math game that rewarded yet. In this game, students were rewarded for effort, strategy and progress. The usual math game rewards you for getting answers right right now, but this game rewarded process. And we got more effort, more strategies, more engagement over longer periods of time, and more perseverance when they hit really, really hard problems.
5:24Just the words "yet" or "not yet," we're finding, give kids greater confidence, give them a path into the future that creates greater persistence. And we can actually change students' mindsets. In one study, we taught them that every time they push out of their comfort zone to learn something new and difficult,the neurons in their brain can form new, stronger connections, and over time they can get smarter.
6:03Look what happened: in this study, students who were not taught this growth mindset continued to show declining grades over this difficult school transition, but those who were taught this lesson showed a sharp rebound in their grades. We have shown this now, this kind of improvement, with thousands and thousands of kids, especially struggling students.
6:34So let's talk about equality. In our country, there are groups of students who chronically underperform,for example, children in inner cities, or children on Native American reservations. And they've done so poorly for so long that many people think it's inevitable必然的. But when educators create growth mindset classrooms steeped in 充满 沉浸 yet, equality happens. And here are just a few examples. In one year, a kindergarten class in Harlem, New York scored in the 95th percentile on the National Achievement Test. Many of those kids could not hold a pencil when they arrived at school. In one year, fourth grade students in the South Bronx, way behind, became the number one fourth grade class in the state of New York on the state math test. In a year to a year and a half, Native American students in a school on a reservation went from the bottom of their district to the top, and that district included affluent 富裕的 丰富的 sections of Seattle. So the native kids outdid 战胜 the Microsoft kids.
8:23This happened because the meaning of effort and difficulty were transformed. Before, effort and difficulty made them feel dumb, made them feel like giving up, but now, effort and difficulty, that's when their neurons are making new connections, stronger connections. That's when they're getting smarter.
8:53I received a letter recently from a 13-year-old boy. He said, "Dear Professor Dweck, I appreciate that your writing is based on solid scientific research, and that's why I decided to put it into practice. I put more effort into my schoolwork, into my relationship with my family, and into my relationship with kids at school, and I experienced great improvement in all of those areas. I now realize I've wasted most of my life."
9:40Let's not waste any more lives, because once we know that abilities are capable of such growth, it becomes a basic human right for children, all children, to live in places that create that growth, to live in places filled with yet.
10:14Thank you.
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